tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82010587996298501072024-03-05T20:48:59.505-08:00Calon Dokterfree e-book and link jurnalCimobi Crewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17466347065424732979noreply@blogger.comBlogger48125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8201058799629850107.post-37259700950729869522010-08-27T21:58:00.000-07:002010-08-27T21:58:44.958-07:00Penyakit Campak<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"></meta><meta content="Word.Document" name="ProgId"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Generator"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Originator"></meta><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="ft7"><span lang="EN-US">Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh virus <i>morbilli</i>; ditularkan melalui sekret pernafasan atau melalui udara. Virus dalam jumlah sedikit saja dapat menyebabkan infeksi pada individu yang rentan. Penyakit campak sangat infeksius selama masa prodromal yang ditandai dengan demam, malaise, mata merah, pilek, dan trakeobronkitis dengan manifestasi batuk</span></span><span class="ft9"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span class="ft7"><span lang="EN-US">Virus campak atau <i>morbilli</i> adalah virus RNA anggota famili <i>paramyxoviridae</i>. Secara morfologi tidak dapat dibedakan dengan virus lain anggota famili <i>paramyxoviridae</i>. Virion campak terdiri atas nukleokapsid berbentuk heliks yang dikelilingi oleh selubung virus</span></span><span class="ft9"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="ft7">Sifat infeksius virus campak ditunjukkan dengan tingginya sensitivitas dan aktivitas hemolitiknya (Handayani, 2005).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="ft7"><span lang="EN-US"> Respon sel limfosit T dan sel limfosit B terhadap keenam protein virus campak dapat terdeteksi pada infeksi akut primer. Antibodi IgM akan terbentuk dan mencapai puncaknya 7-10 hari setelah timbulnya <i>rash</i>, kemudian akan menurun dengan cepat, dan menghilang 4 minggu kemudian. Adanya IgM menunjukkan adanya infeksi campak baik karena penyakit atau karena vaksin. Ig G akan terbentuk segera setelah timbulnya </span></span><span class="ft5"><i><span lang="EN-US">rash</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, dan mencapai puncaknya setelah 4 minggu. Selanjutnya </span></span><span class="ft7"><span lang="EN-US">Ig G menurun, tetapi akan tetap ada seumur hidup. Ig A juga terbentuk tetapi biasanya hanya sebentar. Imunitas yang timbul setelah terpapar virus campak secara alami biasanya dapat bertahan seumur hidup</span></span><span class="ft9"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="ft7">Sistem imunitas tubuh harus mampu menghambat masuknya virion ke dalam sel dan memusnahkan sel yang</span> <span class="ft7">terinfeksi, untuk membatasi penyebaran virus dan mencegah infeksi ulang. Respon imunitas yang berperan menghambat masuknya virion adalah respon humoral, dengan cara netralisasi. Selain respon imun humoral, respon imun seluler juga memegang peranan penting yaitu dengan melibatkan sel T sitotoksik, sel NK <i>(Natular Killer),</i> ADCC (<i>Antigen </i></span><span class="ft5"><i>Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity</i>) dan interaksi dengan </span><span class="ft7">MHC (<i>Major Histocompatibility Complex</i>) kelas I</span><span class="ft9">.</span> <span class="ft7">Peran antibodi dalam menetralisasi virus akan efektif, terutama untuk virus yang bebas atau virus dalam sirkulasi. Proses netralisasi virus dilakukan dengan beberapa cara, di antaranya menghambat perlekatan virus pada reseptor yang terdapat pada permukaan sel, sehingga virus tidak dapat menembus membran sel dan replikasi virus dapat dicegah. Adanya antibodi akan membatasi penyebaran virus ke sel atau jaringan tetangganya. Antibodi dapat menghancurkan virus dengan cara aktivasi komplemen melalui jalur klasik atau menyebabkan agregasi virus sehingga mudah difagositosis dan dihancurkan. Antibodi dapat mencegah penyebaran virus yang keluar dari sel yang telah hancur, namun seringkali tidak cukup mampu menetralisir virus yang telah mengubah struktur antigennya (mutasi) dan yang telah melepaskan diri (<i>budding </i></span><span class="ft5"><i>off</i>) melalui membran sel sebagai partikel yang infeksius, </span><span class="ft7">sehingga virus dapat menyebar ke dalam sel yang berdekatan secara langsung</span><span class="ft9">. </span><span class="ft7">Meskipun antibodi berperan penting mencegah infeksi virus campak, namun dipengaruhi juga oleh respon imun seluler, yaitu melalui mekanisme ADCC (<i>Antibody Dependent </i></span> <span class="ft5"><i>Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity</i>) dan lisis komplemen terhadap sel </span><span class="ft7">yang terinfeksi virus</span><span class="ft9">.</span> <span class="ft7">Beberapa pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa sel limfosit T berperan besar menghilangkan infeksi virus campak. Sel limfosit T membantu sel limfosit B menghasilkan respon antibodi (IgM, IgG dan IgA) dan dapat bertindak secara independen menghilangkan virus (Handayani, 2005).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="ft7"><span lang="EN-US">Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh virus <i>morbilli</i>; ditularkan melalui sekret pernafasan atau melalui udara. Virus dalam jumlah sedikit saja dapat menyebabkan infeksi pada individu yang rentan. Penyakit campak sangat infeksius selama masa prodromal yang ditandai dengan demam, malaise, mata merah, pilek, dan trakeobronkitis dengan manifestasi batuk</span></span><span class="ft9"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span class="ft7"><span lang="EN-US">Virus campak atau <i>morbilli</i> adalah virus RNA anggota famili <i>paramyxoviridae</i>. Secara morfologi tidak dapat dibedakan dengan virus lain anggota famili <i>paramyxoviridae</i>. Virion campak terdiri atas nukleokapsid berbentuk heliks yang dikelilingi oleh selubung virus</span></span><span class="ft9"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="ft7">Sifat infeksius virus campak ditunjukkan dengan tingginya sensitivitas dan aktivitas hemolitiknya (Handayani, 2005).<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><br />
<br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="ft7"><span lang="EN-US"> Respon sel limfosit T dan sel limfosit B terhadap keenam protein virus campak dapat terdeteksi pada infeksi akut primer. Antibodi IgM akan terbentuk dan mencapai puncaknya 7-10 hari setelah timbulnya <i>rash</i>, kemudian akan menurun dengan cepat, dan menghilang 4 minggu kemudian. Adanya IgM menunjukkan adanya infeksi campak baik karena penyakit atau karena vaksin. Ig G akan terbentuk segera setelah timbulnya </span></span><span class="ft5"><i><span lang="EN-US">rash</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, dan mencapai puncaknya setelah 4 minggu. Selanjutnya </span></span><span class="ft7"><span lang="EN-US">Ig G menurun, tetapi akan tetap ada seumur hidup. Ig A juga terbentuk tetapi biasanya hanya sebentar. Imunitas yang timbul setelah terpapar virus campak secara alami biasanya dapat bertahan seumur hidup</span></span><span class="ft9"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="ft7">Sistem imunitas tubuh harus mampu menghambat masuknya virion ke dalam sel dan memusnahkan sel yang</span> <span class="ft7">terinfeksi, untuk membatasi penyebaran virus dan mencegah infeksi ulang. Respon imunitas yang berperan menghambat masuknya virion adalah respon humoral, dengan cara netralisasi. Selain respon imun humoral, respon imun seluler juga memegang peranan penting yaitu dengan melibatkan sel T sitotoksik, sel NK <i>(Natular Killer),</i> ADCC (<i>Antigen </i></span><span class="ft5"><i>Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity</i>) dan interaksi dengan </span><span class="ft7">MHC (<i>Major Histocompatibility Complex</i>) kelas I</span><span class="ft9">.</span> <span class="ft7">Peran antibodi dalam menetralisasi virus akan efektif, terutama untuk virus yang bebas atau virus dalam sirkulasi. Proses netralisasi virus dilakukan dengan beberapa cara, di antaranya menghambat perlekatan virus pada reseptor yang terdapat pada permukaan sel, sehingga virus tidak dapat menembus membran sel dan replikasi virus dapat dicegah. Adanya antibodi akan membatasi penyebaran virus ke sel atau jaringan tetangganya. Antibodi dapat menghancurkan virus dengan cara aktivasi komplemen melalui jalur klasik atau menyebabkan agregasi virus sehingga mudah difagositosis dan dihancurkan. Antibodi dapat mencegah penyebaran virus yang keluar dari sel yang telah hancur, namun seringkali tidak cukup mampu menetralisir virus yang telah mengubah struktur antigennya (mutasi) dan yang telah melepaskan diri (<i>budding </i></span><span class="ft5"><i>off</i>) melalui membran sel sebagai partikel yang infeksius, </span><span class="ft7">sehingga virus dapat menyebar ke dalam sel yang berdekatan secara langsung</span><span class="ft9">. </span><span class="ft7">Meskipun antibodi berperan penting mencegah infeksi virus campak, namun dipengaruhi juga oleh respon imun seluler, yaitu melalui mekanisme ADCC (<i>Antibody Dependent </i></span> <span class="ft5"><i>Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity</i>) dan lisis komplemen terhadap sel </span><span class="ft7">yang terinfeksi virus</span><span class="ft9">.</span> <span class="ft7">Beberapa pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa sel limfosit T berperan besar menghilangkan infeksi virus campak. Sel limfosit T membantu sel limfosit B menghasilkan respon antibodi (IgM, IgG dan IgA) dan dapat bertindak secara independen menghilangkan virus (Handayani, 2005).</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"></meta><meta content="Word.Document" name="ProgId"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Generator"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Originator"></meta><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</style> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><o:p></o:p> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal">Handayani, Sarwo. 2005. <span class="ft1"><i><span lang="EN-US">Infeksi Campak, Karakteristik dan Respon Imunitas yang Ditimbulkan</span></i><span lang="EN-US">. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"> <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.kalbe.co.id/files/cdk/files/148_10InfeksiCampakKarakteristik.pdf/148_10InfeksiCampakKarakteristik.html.%2815">http://www.kalbe.co.id/files/cdk/files/148_10InfeksiCampakKarakteristik.pdf/148_10InfeksiCampakKarakteristik.html.(15</a></span></u> Maret 2008)<u><span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div> <b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></b>Cimobi Crewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17466347065424732979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8201058799629850107.post-20343035508191070512010-08-27T21:47:00.000-07:002010-08-27T21:47:07.078-07:00Imunisasi<span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;"><meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"></meta><meta content="Word.Document" name="ProgId"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Generator"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Originator"></meta><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</style> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan utama imunisasi atau vaksinasi ialah prosedur untuk meningkatkan derajat imunitas, memberikan imunitas protektif dengan menginduksi respons memori terhadap patogen tertentu atau toksin dengan menggunakan preparat antigen non virulen atau non toksik. Imunisasi dapat terjadi secara alamiah danbuatan (aktif dan pasif). Imunisasi pasif terjadi bila seseorang menerima antibodi atau produk sel dari orang lain yang telah mendapat imunisasi aktif. Pada imunisasi aktif, respons imun terjadi setelah seseorang terpajan dengan antigen (Baratawidjaya, 2002). Imunisasi pasif dibagi menjadi imunisasi pasif alamiah dan buatan. Imunisasi pasif alamiah antara lain imunitas maternal melalui plasenta dan imunitas maternal melalui kolostrum, sedangkan imunisasi pasif buatan antara lain preparat dibuat dari plasma atau serum yang dikumpulkan dari donor sehat atau plasenta baik setelah vaksin atau tidak tergantung jenis serum yang digunakan. Dalam imunisasi aktif untuk mendapatkan proteksi dapat diberikan vaksin hidup atau dilemahkan atau yang dimatikan. Baik sel B maupun sel T diaktifkan oleh imunisasi (Baratawidjaja, 2002).</span></span></div><br />
<div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="ft7">Imunisasi adalah suatu cara meningkatkan kekebalan seseorang secara aktif terhadap suatu antigen. </span>Hingga saat ini terdapat 10 jenis vaksinasi yang dapat mencegah terjadinya infeksi pada anak, yaitu; polio, campak, gondongan, rubella (campak Jerman), difteria, tetanus, batuk rejan (Pertusis), meningitis, cacar air, hepatitis B. Sedangkan terdapat 3 jenis vaksinasi yang dapat diberikan pada kelompok anak-anak ataupun dewasa dengan risiko tinggi menderita infeksi, yaitu; hepatitis A, flu (Influenza), pneumonia. Pemberian vaksin secara parenteral (ID, SK, IM) biasanya dilakukan pada lengan daerah deltoid. Bebrapa vaksin memberikan respon yan lebih baik bila diberikan melalui saluran napas dibanding dengan parenteral (seperti virus campak hidup) tetapi pemberian tersebut belum dilakukan secara rutin (Baratawidjaja, 2002).</span></span></div><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> Daftar Pustaka:</o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><br />
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</style> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><u><span style="color: blue;"></span></u>Baratawidjaja, Karnen Garna. 2002. <i>Imunologi Dasar Edisi 5</i>. Jakarta : Balai Penerbit Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Halaman 3,5,8-12,16,334,340,347,367<o:p></o:p></div> <span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></span>Cimobi Crewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17466347065424732979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8201058799629850107.post-86186121148592104992010-08-27T21:32:00.000-07:002010-08-27T21:32:12.588-07:00Sistem Imunitas Tubuh<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; font-size: small;"></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB">Sistem imun ialah semua mekanisme yang digunakan tubuh untuk mempertahankan keutuhannya terhadap bahaya yang dapat menimbulkan berbagai bahan dalam lingkungan hidup. </span><span class="ft0"><span lang="EN-US">Pertahanan imun terdiri atas sistim imun alamiah atau nonspesifik <i>(natural/innate) </i>dan didapat atau spesifik <i>(adap</i></span></span><span class="ft4"><i><span lang="EN-US">tive/acquired)</span></i><span lang="EN-US">. </span></span><span class="ft0"><span lang="EN-US">(Baratawidjaja, 2002). Respon imun non spesifik umumnya merupakan imunitas bawaan <i>(innate immunity)</i> dalam arti bahwa respon terhadap zat asing dapat terjadi walaupun tubuh sebelumnya tidak pernah terpapar zat tersebut., sedangkan respon imun spesifik merupakan respons yang didapat <i>(</i></span></span><span class="ft4"><i><span lang="EN-US">acquired)</span></i></span><span class="ft0"><span lang="EN-US"> yang timbul terhadap antigen tertentu, terhadap mana tubuh pernah terpapar sebelumnya (Kresno, 2007). </span></span></span></div><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sistem Imun Non Spesifik<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Sistem imun non spesifik merupakan pertahanan tubuh terdepan dalam menghadapi serangan berbagai mikroorganisme, oleh karena dapat memberikan respons langsung. Disebut sistem non spesifik karena tidak ditujukan terhadap satu mikroorganisme tertentu, telah ada pada tubuh kita dan siap berfungsi sejak lahir yang dapat berupa permukaan tubuh dan berbagai komponennya (Baratawidjaya, 2002). Imunitas non spesifik dibedakan menjadi 3 yaitu fisik, larut, dan seluler. Sedang imunitas non spesifik larut terdiri dari biokimia dan Humoral.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">a)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pertahanan Fisik<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Dalam sistem pertahanan fisik atau mekanik, kulit, selaput lendir, silia saluran napas, batuk dan bersin, merupakan garis pertahanan terdepan terhadap infeksi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">b)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pertahanan Biokimia<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Pertahanan biokimia terdiri dari lisozim (keringat), sekresi sebaseus, asam lambung, laktoferin, dan asam neuraminik.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">c)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pertahanan Humoral<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Berbagai bahan dalam sirkulasi berperan dalam pertahanan humoral. Bahan-nahan tersebut antara lain antibodi, komplemen, interferon dan <i>C-Reactive Protein</i> (CRP). Komplemen memiliki 3 fungsi, antara lain dalam proses lisis, kemotaktik dan opsonisasi bakteri. Interferon adalah sitokin berupa glikoprotein yang dihasilkan oleh berbagai sel tubuh yang mengandung nukleus dan dilepas sebagai respon terhadap infeksi virus. Interferon dapat menginduksi sel-sel di sekitar sel yang terinfeksi virus menjadi resisten terhadap virus. Di samping itu, interferon juga dapat mengaktifkan <i>Natural Killer Cell</i> (sel NK). CRP merupakan salah satu contoh dari Protein Fase Akut, termasuk golongan protein yang kadarnya dalam darah meningkat pada infeksi akut.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">d)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pertahanan Seluler <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB">Fagosit, makrofag, sel <i>NK</i> berperan dalam sistem imun non spesifik seluler. Meskipun berbagai sel dalam tubuh dapat melakukan fagositosis, tetapi sel utama yang berperan dalam dalam pertahana non spesifik adalah sel mononukliear (monosit dan makrofag) serta sel polimorfonuklier atau granulosit. Morfologi sel NK merupakan limfosit dengan granula besar <i>(Large Granular Lymphocyte/LGL)</i> (Baratawidjaja, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Sistem Imun Spesifik<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="ft0"><span lang="EN-US">Sel sistem imun spesifik terdiri atas sel B dan sel T yang masing-masing merupakan sekitar 10% dan 70-85% dari semua limfosit dalam sirkulasi. Sel B tidak mempunyai subset tetapi sel T terdiri atas beberapa subset: sel Th, Ts, Tc dan Tdh (Baratawidjaja, 1993). </span></span></span></div><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB">a)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Sistem Imun Spesifik Humoral<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="ft0"><span lang="EN-US">Sel B merupakan asal dari sel plasma yang membentuk imunoglobulin (Ig) yang terdiri atas IgG,IgM,IgA,IgE dan IgD. IgD berfungsi sebagai opsonin, dapat mengaglutinasikan kuman/virus, menetralisir toksin dan virus, mengaktifkan komplemen (jalur klasik) dan berperanan pada <i>Antibody Dependent Cellular </i></span></span><span class="ft4"><i><span lang="EN-US">Cytotoxicity </span></i><span lang="EN-US">(ADCC). ADCC tidak hanya merusak sel tunggal </span></span><span class="ft0"><span lang="EN-US">tetapi juga mikroorganisme multiselular seperti telur skistosoma, kanker, penolakan transplan, sedang ADCC melalui neutrofil dan eosinofil berperan pada imunitas parasit. IgM dibentuk terdahulu pada respons imun primer sehingga kadar IgM yang tinggi menunjukkan adanya infeksi dini. IgM merupakan aglutinator antigen serta aktivator komplemen (jalur klasik) yang poten. IgA ditemukan sedikit dalam sekresi saluran napas, cerna dan kemih, air mata, keringat, ludah dan air susu ibu dalam bentuk IgA sekretori (sIgA). IgA dan sIgA dapat menetralisir toksin, virus, mengagglutinasikan kuman dan mengaktifkan komplemen (jalur alternatif). IgE berperanan pada alergi, infeksi cacing, skistosomiasis, penyakit hidatid, trikinosis. Peranan IgD belum banyak diketahui dan diduga mempunyai efek antibodi pada alergi makanan dan autoantigen (Baratwidjaja, 1993).</span></span></span></div><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">b)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sistem Imun Spesifik Seluler<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Peran sel T dapat dibagi menjadi 2 fungsi utama : fungsi regulator dan fungsi efektor. <i>Fungsi regulator</i> terutama dilakukan oleh salah satu subset sel T, <i>sel T penolong </i>(juga dikenal sebagai sel CD4 karena petanda <i>cluster of differentiation</i> di permukaan sel diberi nomor 4). Sel-sel CD4 mengeluarkan molekul yang dikenal dengan nama <i>sitokin</i> (protein berberat molekul rendah yang disekresikan oleh sel-sel sistem imun) untuk melaksanakan fungsi regulatornya. Sitokin-sitokin dari sel CD4 mengendalikan proses-proses imun seperti pembentukan immunoglobulin oleh sel B, pengaktivan sel T lain, dan pengaktivan makrofag. <i>Fungsi efektor</i> dilakukan oleh <i>sel T sitotoksik</i> (dahulu dikenal sebagai sel T pembunuh tetapi jangan kacaukan dengan sel NK; saat ini dikenal sebagai CD8 karena <i>cluster of differentiation</i> diberi nomor 8). Sel-sel CD8 mampu mematikan sel yang terinfeksi oleh virus, sel tumor, dan jaringan transplantasi dengan menyuntikan zat kimia yang disebut perforin ke dalam sasaran asing (Price dkk, 2006).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"></meta><meta content="Word.Document" name="ProgId"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Generator"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Originator"></meta><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><span style="font-size: small;"><o:smarttagtype name="State" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype name="City" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype name="place" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype></span><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</style> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Baratawidjaja, Karnen Garna. 1993. <span class="ft2"><i><span lang="EN-US">Pengertian Imunokompromais dan Respons Imun</span></i></span>. <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.kalbe.co.id/files/cdk/files/05PengertianImunokompromais083.pdf/05PengertianImunokompromais083.html.%20%2815">http://www.kalbe.co.id/files/cdk/files/05PengertianImunokompromais083.pdf/05PengertianImunokompromais083.html. (15</a></span></u> Maret 2008)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: blue;"></span></u>Baratawidjaja, Karnen Garna. 2002. <i>Imunologi Dasar Edisi 5</i>. Jakarta : Balai Penerbit Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Halaman 3,5,8-12,16,334,340,347,367<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kresno, Siti Boedina. 2007. <i>Imunologi: Diagnosis dan Prosedur Laboratorium Edisi 4</i>. Jakarta : Balai Penerbit Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Halaman 5<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Price, Sylvia A. and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">Lorraine</st1:state></st1:place> M. Wilson. 2006. <i>Patofisiologi Konsep Klinis Proses-Proses Penyakit Volume 2 Edisi 6</i>. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:city></st1:place> : EGC. Halaman 88-89.</span></span></div><br />
Cimobi Crewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17466347065424732979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8201058799629850107.post-43268705862143668422010-08-26T22:16:00.000-07:002010-08-26T22:16:46.685-07:00KONTRASEPSI<span style="font-size: large;"></span><meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"></meta><meta content="Word.Document" name="ProgId"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Generator"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Originator"></meta><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_jFFFbvV9j9PdqOy0kIgaWcR5cPtTeIqGArox7TdEAmiz4L4b6rlH_DCls7yV76ZODnYf28y_6sTTJIoyGwcME-yERpeHCQoJQTbVFMv963UrUmVkkFBTQth04BBWOwjnm6YKSKpJbh5X/s1600/canvas.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_jFFFbvV9j9PdqOy0kIgaWcR5cPtTeIqGArox7TdEAmiz4L4b6rlH_DCls7yV76ZODnYf28y_6sTTJIoyGwcME-yERpeHCQoJQTbVFMv963UrUmVkkFBTQth04BBWOwjnm6YKSKpJbh5X/s320/canvas.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Kontrasepsi berasal dari kata kontra yang berarti mencegah atau melawan dan konsepsi yang berarti pertemuan antara sel telur (sel wanita) yang matang dan sel sperma (sel pria) yang mengakibatkan kehamilan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Kontrasepsi adalah menghindari atau mencegah terjadinya kehamilan sebagai akibat pertemuan antara sel telur yang matang dengan sel sperma tersebut. Alat kontrasepsi bekerja dengan cara yang bermacam-macam tetapi pada umumnya mempunyai fungsi yakni mengusahakan agat tidak terjadi ovulasi, melumpuhkan sperma, dan menghalangi pertemuan sel telur dengan sperma.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Pada umumnya cara atau metode kontrasepsi dapat dibagi menjadi metode kontrasepsi sederhana dan modern (Hartanto, 1994).</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Metode kontrasepsi Sederhana : suatu cara yang dikerjakan sendiri oleh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">peserta KB tanpa pemeriksaan medis terlebih dahulu. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Metode kontrasepsi sederhana tanpa alat atau obat <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Senggama Terputus<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Metode keluarga berencana tradisional, dimana pria mengeluarkan alat kelaminnya dari vagina sebelum pria mencapai ejakulasi sehingga sperma tidak masuk ke dalam vagina dan kehamilan dapat dicegah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Pantang Berkala<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Tidak bersenggama pada masa subur seorang wanita yaitu waktu terjadinya ovulasi. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Metode kontrasepsi sederhana dengan alat atau obat <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Kondom : Selubung atau sarung karet yang dipasang pada penis saat berhubungan seksual. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Diafragma : Kap berbentuk bulat cembung, terbuat dari karet yang diinsersikan ke dalam vagina sebelum berhubungan seksual dan menutup serviks <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Metode kontrasepsi Modern <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Kontrasepsi Hormonal<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Pil KB <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Cara kontrasepsi untuk wanita berbentuk pil/tablet dalam strip berisi gabungan hormone estrogen dan hormon progesteron atau yang hanya terdiri darihormon progesteron saja <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Suntik KB : mencegah lepasnya sel telur dari indung telur wanita, dan mengentalkan lendir mulut rahim, sehingga spermatozoa (sel mani) tidak dapat masuk ke dalam rahim<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">3)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Alat kontrasepsi Bawah Kulit (AKBK/Implant/Susuk KB) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Kontrasepsi yang disusupkan di bawah kulit. Dengan disusupkannya implan dibawah kulit, setiap hari dilepaskan secara tetap suatu hormon ke dalam darah melalui proses difusi dari kapsul-kapsul yang terbuat dari bahan silastik tersebut, sehingga dapat menghambat terjadinya ovulasi. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Intra Uterine Devices (IUD,AKDR)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Alat kontrasepsi yang dimasukkan ke dalam rahim yang bentuknya bermacam-macam, terdiri dari plasti</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">k <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Kontrasepsi mantap</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Kontrasepsi dengan tindakan pembedahan pada saluran telur wanita atau saluran mani yang mengakibatkan orang atau pasangan yang bersangkutan tidak akan memperoleh keturunan lagi.</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Vasektomi (MOP)</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Prosedur klinik untuk menghentikan kapasitas reproduksi pria dengan jalan melakukan operasi kecil sehingga alur transportasi sperma terhambat dan proses fertilisasi tidak terjadi</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">2)</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Tubektomi (MOW) : Prosedur bedah suka rela untuk menghentikan fertilitas perempuan secara permanen </span><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">(Albar, 2007)</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Daftar Pustaka :</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"></meta><meta content="Word.Document" name="ProgId"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Generator"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Originator"></meta><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</style><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Hartanto, Hanafi. 1994. <i>Keluarga Berencana dan Kontrasepsi</i>. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan</span></span></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"></meta><meta content="Word.Document" name="ProgId"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Generator"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Originator"></meta><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</style><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Albar, Erdjan. 2007. <i>Ilmu Kandungan ’Kontrasepsi’. </i>Edisi kedua Cetakan Kelima. Jakarta : Yayasan Bina Pustaka Sarwono Prawirohardjo. Halaman 535-575<o:p></o:p></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Mola hidatidosa adalah kehamilan abnormal di mana hampir seluruh vili korialisnya mengalami perubahan hidrofilik. Belum diketahui pasti penyebabnya, tetapi yang paling cocok adalah teori Acosta Sison, yaitu defisiensi protein. Manifestasi klinisnya berupa amenore dan tanda-tanda kehamilan, perdarahan pervaginam berulang, pembesaran uterus lebih dari usia kehamilan dan tidak terabanya bagian janin (Mansjoer dkk, 2005).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Mola Hidatidosa berasal dari trofoblas ekstraembrionik pada villus yang berproliferasi. Villus ini mengeluarkan hormone <i>Human Chorionik Gonadotropin </i>(HCG). Pada keadaan ini, kondisi janin telah meninggal, dan hanya villus yang tetap membesar dan berproliferasi hingga menghasilkan HCG yang sangat banyak melebihi jumlah pada kondisi kehamilan normal dan memberikan gambaran segugus buah anggur serta edematous. Uterus biasanya membesar lebih cepat daripada usia kehamilannya, dapat memberikan manifestasi klinik mual dan muntah, perdarahan pervaginam dengan darah disertai gelembung villus. Dalam perkembangannya dapat menjadi ganas dan menjadi <i>Mola destruen/invasive</i> <i>local </i>atau <i>trofoblas ganas non villosum</i>.</span><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;"> (Prawirohardjo&Wiknjosastro, 2007)</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Manifestasi klinis </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">(Mansjoer dkk, 2005) </span><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Amenore<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Perdarahan pervaginam berulang<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Pembesaran uterus lebih besar dari usia kehamilan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Tanda kehamilan, tidak ditemui bagian janin dan BJJ, preeklampsia/eklampsia <24 minggu</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Daftar Pustaka</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"></meta><meta content="Word.Document" name="ProgId"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Generator"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Originator"></meta><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>Cimobi Crewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17466347065424732979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8201058799629850107.post-74858268679135529402010-08-26T21:47:00.000-07:002010-08-26T21:47:14.467-07:00KEHAMILAN EKTOPIK dan ABORTUS<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
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</style><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;"> KEHAMILAN EKTOPIK </span></span></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhewcmDMqIOUipxf0WwOmDnfM1PV0eCIqg8FnL54rkYUoENS3z8dCZ1nGoWrBSaTHXp011-2JxHl4t7I4GoD9flMiqFH1D2yHCDGBY5bDHBQiNkX-P8D7lZW5Jgt3WA5Km1K2tc3xGEwU_H/s1600/index2.jpe" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhewcmDMqIOUipxf0WwOmDnfM1PV0eCIqg8FnL54rkYUoENS3z8dCZ1nGoWrBSaTHXp011-2JxHl4t7I4GoD9flMiqFH1D2yHCDGBY5bDHBQiNkX-P8D7lZW5Jgt3WA5Km1K2tc3xGEwU_H/s320/index2.jpe" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Kehamilan di luar kandungan adalah kehamilan dimana sel telur (ovum) yang sudah dibuahi (oleh spermatozoon) tidak berada (implantasi) di rongga rahim (endometrium), maupun ekstrauteri. Berdasarkan tempatnya, kehamilan di luar kandungan terdiri dari (Anonim, 2007):<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Kehamilan Tuba (berkisar 95-98%)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Kehamilan leher rahim (servikalis) dan tanduk rahim (kornual)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Kehamilan indung telur (ovarium<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Kehamilan jaringan ikat rahim (intra ligamenter)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">5.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Kehamilan rongga perut (abdomen)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">6.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Kehamilan kombinasi, ada dua kehamilan, yakni kehamilan di luar kandungan dan dalam rahim secara bersamaan, presentasenya amat kecil.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Tanda-tanda kehamilan di luar kandungan beragam, dibagi menjadi dua jenis (Anonim, 2007):<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">1. Kehamilan di luar kandungan belum terganggu.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Pada fase ini gejalanya sama dengan kehamilan normal, terlambat haid, mual, muntah dan lain-lain. Tanda khas yang sering adalah: terlambat haid, perdarahan dan nyeri perut bagian bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">2. Kehamilan Ektopik Terganggu (KET).<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Pada fase ini, selain tanda di atas, terdapat gejala nyeri perut bawah yang<b> </b>amat sangat secara mendadak, lalu terjadi syok sebagai akibat pecahnya<b> </b>kehamilan ektopik dan gangguan keseimbangan aliran darah<b> </b>(hemodinamik).</span></span><br />
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</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">ABORTUS </span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggVNbc4ANapUd9L4vSC-60d0EilsPojArACPiJx-fmznvYlR9Ln-lB1zf-wqxTVdaUOLC-qVC-OuQhXBgA2iYmSxvOA_CcJP3yE-D_FeTp7DIqQ3-2N9WYEZDgG9tyPCxWoNG1-Yr52fB7/s1600/aborsi-14-mgu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggVNbc4ANapUd9L4vSC-60d0EilsPojArACPiJx-fmznvYlR9Ln-lB1zf-wqxTVdaUOLC-qVC-OuQhXBgA2iYmSxvOA_CcJP3yE-D_FeTp7DIqQ3-2N9WYEZDgG9tyPCxWoNG1-Yr52fB7/s320/aborsi-14-mgu.jpg" /></a></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: center;"><br />
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</style> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Abortus adalah ancaman atau pengeluaran hasil konsepsi pada usia kehamilan kurang dari 20 minggu atau berat janin kurang dari 500 gram. Abortus dapat terjadi karena beberapa sebab, yaitu : Kelainan pertumbuhan hasil konsepsi, kelainan pada plasenta, faktor maternal, dan kelainan traktus genitalia. Manisfestasi klinis yang terjadi berupa amenore kurang dari 20 minggu, perdarahan pervaginam disertai hasil konsepsi, rasa mulas atau kram perut (Mansjoer dkk, 2005)</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Secara klinis dibagi menjadi Abortus imminens, insipiens, inkompletus, dan Abortus kompletus. Dikenal pula Abortus servikalis, habitualis, infeksiosa dan septik </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">(Soejoenoe&Wibowo, 2007)</span><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Abortus imminens<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Peristiwa terjadinya perdarahan pada uterus pada kehamilan sebelum 20 minggu, di mana hasil konsepsi masih dalam uterus, dan tanpa adanya dilatasi serviks. Diagnosis terjadi perdarahan melalui ostium uteri eksternum, disertai mules sedikit atau tidak sama sekali, uterus membesar sama dengan usia kehamilan, serviks belum membuka, dan tes kehamilan positif. Pada wanita hamil dapat terjadi perdarahan pada saat waktu datangnya haid.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Abortus insipien<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Peristiwa perdarahan uterus pada kehamilan sebelum 20 minggu dengan adanya dilatasi serviks uteri yang meningkat, tetapi hasil konsepsi masih dalam uterus. Mulas lebih sering dan kuat, perdarahan bertambah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Abortus inkompletus<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Pengeluaran sebagian hasil konsepsi uterus, kehamilan sebelum 20 minggu dan hasil konsepsi masih tertinggal dalam uterus. Pemeriksaan vaginal, kanalis serviks terbuka jaringan dapat diraba dalam kavum uteri atau menonjol dari ostium uteri eksternum. Perdarahan banyak sekali hingga syok, perdarahan tidak berhenti sebelum hasil konsepsi dikeluarkan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Abortus kompletus<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Pada Abortus kompletus semua hasil konsepsi dikeluarkan. Ditemukan perdarahan sedikit, ostium utri telah menutup, dan uterus sudah banyak mengesil, diagnosis dapat diperiksa dan dinyatakan bahwa semuanya sudah keluar dengan lengkap </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">(Soejoenoe&Wibowo, 2007)</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
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</style><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">Mansjoer,A., dkk, 2005. <i>Kapita Selekta Kedokteran .</i>Edisi ketiga Jilid 1 Cetakan Keenam., Jakarta : Media Aesculapius Fakultas kedokteran UI. Hal 261, 265-266, 375-376, 379.<o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div>Cimobi Crewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17466347065424732979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8201058799629850107.post-77797943412831882462010-08-26T21:19:00.000-07:002010-08-26T21:19:08.774-07:00HIPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM<span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Hyperemesis gravidarum<b><i> </i></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">merupakan suatu keadaan yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">dikarakteristikkan dengan rasa mual yang berlebihan, muntah, kehilangan berat badan, dan gangguan keseimbangan elektrolit. Sebagian besar ibu hamil (70-80%) mengalami morning sickness dan sebanyak 1-2% dari semua ibu hamil mengalami morning sickness yang ekstrim yang disebut <i>hyperemesis gravidarum</i> (Yuliatun, 2007)</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Menurut ber</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">t ringannya gejala, dibagi dalam 3 tingkatan, yakni :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Tingkat 1 : Muntah, KU terpengaruh, rasa lemah, tidak ada nafsu makan, BB turun, nyeri epigastrium. Frekuensi nadi naik sekitar 100 kali/menit, Tekanan darah sistolik turun, turgor kulit berkurang, lidah kering, dan mata cekung.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Tingkat 2 : Pasien tampak lemah dan apatis, lidah kotor, nadi kecil dan cepat, suhu kadang naik, mata sedikit ikterik. BB turun, hipotensi, hemokonstrasi, oligouri, konstipasi, dan napas bau aseton.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Tingkat 3 : Kesadaran somnolen hingga koma, muntah berhenti, nadi kecil dan cepat, suhu meningkat, tekanan darah turun (Soejoenoe&Wibowo, 2007)</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">Mual dan muntah terjadi akibat kenaikan hormone estrogen, yang menyebabkan dehidrasi dan berkurangnya mineral tubuh hingga terjadi hemokonsentrasi yang mengurangi perfusi darah ke jaringan dan zat toksik tertimbun. Pemakaian karbohidrat dan lemak menyebabkan oksidasi hingga ketosis. Rangkaian tersebut dapat menimbulkan kerusakan hepar , mukosa esophagus, dan robeknya lambung sehingga terjadi perdarahan gastrointestinal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">(Soejoenoe&Wibowo, 2007)</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;"><o:p>Daftar Pustaka</o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"></meta><meta content="Word.Document" name="ProgId"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Generator"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Originator"></meta><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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Cimobi Crewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17466347065424732979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8201058799629850107.post-69818207015573869022010-08-26T20:43:00.000-07:002010-08-26T21:04:02.593-07:00FISIOLOGI KEHAMILAN<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEq1kYR1PRE3o2mejAIM2brqoyxcgte5_HkhC0RAHoflNqxFIcJ-Qwo5JYBZrULrvVJrbenBHm0wZdaUJObNE3IVfVuNEXjWW4BQZvIRWnpBmEXKZqA6wBz02YFw34fG3q-7X_HUEdYqCx/s1600/fetus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEq1kYR1PRE3o2mejAIM2brqoyxcgte5_HkhC0RAHoflNqxFIcJ-Qwo5JYBZrULrvVJrbenBHm0wZdaUJObNE3IVfVuNEXjWW4BQZvIRWnpBmEXKZqA6wBz02YFw34fG3q-7X_HUEdYqCx/s320/fetus.jpg" /></a></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Manusia terbentuk sejak sebuah spermatozoa yang berasal dari sperma laki-Iaki menembus dan menyatu dengan telur atau ovum wanita. Penyatuan itu dinamakan proses pembuahan atau fertilisasi dan menghasilkan zygote. Pada keadaan normal proses itu berlangsung di ujung saluran rahim (falloPian tube) dekat indung telur (ovarium, the ovary). Segera setelah proses fertilisasi terjadi, zygote mengalami pembelahan sel yang agresif sehingga berlangsung perubahan bentuk menjadi morula dan blastula yang bergerak menuju badan rahim (uterus). Pada hari ke-6 blastula melekat dan tertanam di salah satu bagian rahim, umumnya di bagian atas atau fundus. Mulai saat itu bakal manusia, yang pada saat itu dinamakan embryo tumbuhdi dalam dinding rahim. Selanjutnya, embrio yang membesar tumbuh di dalam rongga rahim (uterinecavity), sedangkan bagian yang tertanam di dinding rahim membentuk placenta yang berhubungan dengan embrio melalui tali ari (umbilical cord).</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Menurut usia kehamilan, kehamilan dibagi menjadi :</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">1. Trimester pertama : 0 – 14 minggu</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">2. Trimester kedua : 14 - 28 minggu</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">3. Trimester ketiga : 28 - 42 minggu</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Tanda atau gejala kehamilan dibagi menjadi gejala tidak pasti, tanda tidak pasti, dan tanda pasti kehamilan. </div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">1. Gejala kehamilan tidak pasti : amenore, nausea, mengidam, konstipasi/obstipasi, pingsan dan mudah lelah, dan anoreksia</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">2. Tanda kehamilan tidak pasti : hiperpigmentasi kulit, leukore, epulis, payudara membesar dan menegang, abdomen membesar, suhu basal meningkat terus, dan perubahan organ dalam pelvic seperti tanda Chadwick, tanda Hegar (segmen bawah uterus lembek pada perabaan), tanda Piscaseck (uterus membesar ke salah satu sisi), tanda Braxton-Hicks (uterus berkontraksi bila dirangsang)</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">3. Tanda pasti kehamilan : palapasi terdapat bagian janin dan balotemen serta gerak janin, auskultasi terdengar bunyi jantung janin/ BJJ, USG dilihat gambaran bayi, pemeriksaan sinar-X tampak kerangka janin (tidak dilakukan dampak radiasi) (Mansjoer dkk, 2005).</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Daftar Pustaka</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"></meta><meta content="Word.Document" name="ProgId"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Generator"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Originator"></meta><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</style> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mansjoer,A., dkk, 2005. <i>Kapita Selekta Kedokteran .</i>Edisi ketiga Jilid 1 Cetakan Keenam., Jakarta : Media Aesculapius Fakultas kedokteran UI. Hal 261, 265-266, 375-376, 379.<o:p></o:p></span></div>Cimobi Crewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17466347065424732979noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8201058799629850107.post-87921632396450879832010-08-26T20:14:00.001-07:002010-08-26T20:27:47.877-07:00FISIOLOGI MENSTRUASI<div style="text-align: justify;"><meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"></meta><meta content="Word.Document" name="ProgId"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Generator"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Originator"></meta><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</style> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoT9p74epy_4yL6BcPpjarWYpHJtuo3MZPELsrBIrs2A5gj4Qkln4z__YqcNz8D0PSQfnFwdt6JraiLyjmHqQWRTIa4mpl1jGbG9ITkWjjp7VAcUP8YR15LOHk21O3YluaSPV3UicKCfZE/s1600/hormones1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoT9p74epy_4yL6BcPpjarWYpHJtuo3MZPELsrBIrs2A5gj4Qkln4z__YqcNz8D0PSQfnFwdt6JraiLyjmHqQWRTIa4mpl1jGbG9ITkWjjp7VAcUP8YR15LOHk21O3YluaSPV3UicKCfZE/s320/hormones1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Haid adalah perdarahan secara periodik dan siklik dari uterus, disertai pelepasan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(deskuamasi) endometrium. Sekarang diketahui bahwa dalam proses ovulasi, yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">memegang peranan penting adalah hubungan hipotalamus, hipofisis, dan ovarium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(<i>hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarium axis</i>). Menurut teori neurohumoral yang dianut sekarang, hipotalamus mengawasi sekresi hormon gonadotropin oleh adenohipofisis melalui sekresi neurohormon yang disalurkan ke sel-sel adenohipofisis lewat sirkulasi portal yang khusus.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hipotalamus menghasilkan faktor yang telah dapat diisolasi dan disebut <i>Gonadotropin</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Releasing Hormone </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(GnRH) karena dapat merangsang pelepasan <i>Lutenizing Hormone</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(LH) dan <i>Follicle Stimulating Hormone </i>(FSH) dari hipofisis</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Speroff, Glass</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> and </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kase</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1994</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Scherzer</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> and</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> McClamrock</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> 1996</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">;</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Wiknjosastro, Saifuddin dan Rachimhadhi, 1999)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyelidikan pada hewan menunjukkan bahwa pada hipotalamus terdapat dua pusat,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">yaitu pusat tonik dibagian belakang hipotalamus di daerah nukleus arkuatus, dan pusat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">siklik di bagian depan hipotalamus di daerah suprakiasmatik. Pusat siklik mengawasi lonjakan LH (<i>LH-surge</i>) pada pertengahan siklus haid yang menyebabkan terjadinya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ovulasi. Mekanisme kerjanya juga belum jelas benar</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (Wiknjosastro, Saifuddin dan Rachimhadhi, 1999)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Siklus haid normal dapat dipahami dengan baik dengan membaginya atas dua fase dan satu saat, yaitu fase folikuler, saat ovulasi, dan fase luteal. Perubahan-perubahan kadar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">hormon sepanjang siklus haid disebabkan oleh mekanisme umpan balik (<i>feedback</i>) antara hormon steroid dan hormon gonadotropin. Estrogen menyebabkan umpan balik negati</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">f </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">terhadap FSH, sedangkan terhadap LH, estrogen menyebabkan umpan balik negatif jika</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kadarnya rendah, dan umpan balik positif jika kadarnya tinggi. Tempat utama umpan balik</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">terhadap hormon gonadotropin ini mungkin pada hipotalamus</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Speroff, Glass</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> and </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kase</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1994</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Scherzer</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> and</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> McClamrock</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> 1996</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">;</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Wiknjosastro, Saifuddin dan Rachimhadhi, 1999)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tidak lama setelah haid mulai, pada fase folikular dini, beberapa folikel berkembang oleh pengaruh FSH yang meningkat. Meningkatnya FSH ini disebabkan oleh regresi korpus luteum, sehingga hormon steroid berkurang. Dengan berkembangnya folikel, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">produksi estrogen meningkat, dan ini menekan produksi FSH; folikel yang akan berovulasi melindungi dirinya sendiri terhadap atresia, sedangkan folikel-folikel lain mengalami</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">atresia. Pada waktu ini LH juga meningkat, namun peranannya pada tingkat ini hanya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">membantu pembuatan estrogen dalam folikel. Perkembangan folikel yang cepat pada fase</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">folikel akhir ketika FSH mulai menurun, menunjukkan bahwa folikel yang telah masak itu bertambah peka terhadap FSH. Perkembangan folikel berakhir setelah kadar estrogen</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dalam plasma jelas meninggi. Estrogen pada mulanya meninggi secara berangsur-angsur,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kemudian dengan cepat mencapai puncaknya. Ini memberikan umpan balik positif terhadap pusat siklik, dan dengan lonjakan LH (<i>LH-surge</i>) pada pertengahan siklus, mengakibatkan terjadinya ovulasi. LH yang meninggi itu menetap kira-kira 24 jam dan menurun pada fase luteal. Mekanisme turunnya LH tersebut belum jelas. Dalam beberapa jam setelah LH meningkat, estrogen menurun dan mungkin inilah yang menyebabkan LH itu menurun. Menurunnya estrogen mungkin disebabkan oleh perubahan morfologik pada folikel. Mungkin pula menurunnya LH itu disebabkan oleh umpan balik negatif yang pendek dari LH terhadap hipotalamus. Lonjakan LH yang cukup saja tidak menjami</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">n</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span lang="EN-US">terjadinya ovulasi; folikel hendaknya pada tingkat yang matang, agar ia dapat dirangsang untuk berovulasi. Pecahnya folikel terjadi 16 – 24 jam setelah lonjakan LH. Pada manusia biasanya hanya satu folikel yang matang. Mekanisme terjadinya ovulasi agaknya bukan oleh karena meningkatnya tekanan dalam folikel, tetapi oleh perubahan-perubahan</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">degeneratif kolagen pada dinding folikel, sehingga ia menjadi tipis. Mungkin juga prostaglandin F2 memegang peranan dalam peristiwa itu</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Speroff, Glass</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> and </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kase</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1994</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Scherzer</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> and</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> McClamrock</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> 1996</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">;</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Wiknjosastro, Saifuddin dan Rachimhadhi, 1999)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada fase luteal, setelah ovulasi, sel-sel granulose membesar, membentuk vakuola dan bertumpuk pigmen kuning (lutein); folikel menjadi korpus luteum. Vaskularisasi dalam lapisan granulosa juga bertambah dan mencapai puncaknya pada 8–9 hari setelah ovulasi.4 <i>Luteinized granulose cell </i>dalam korpus luteum itu membuat progesteron banyak, dan <i>luteinized theca cell </i>membuat pula estrogen yang banyak, sehingga kedua hormon itu meningkat tinggi pada fase luteal. Mulai 10–12 hari setelah ovulasi, korpus luteum mengalami regresi berangsur-angsur disertai dengan berkurangnya kapiler-kapiler dan diikuti oleh menurunnya sekresi progesteron dan estrogen. Masa hidup korpus luteum pada manusia tidak bergantung pada hormon gonadotropin, dan sekali terbentuk ia berfungsi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sendiri (autonom). Namun, akhir-akhir ini diketahui untuk berfungsinya korpus luteum, diperlukan sedikit LH terus-menerus. Steroidegenesis pada ovarium tidak mungkin tanpa LH. Mekanisme degenerasi korpus luteum jika tidak terjadi kehamilan belum diketahui.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Empat belas hari sesudah ovulasi, terjadi haid. Pada siklus haid normal umumnya terjadi variasi dalam panjangnya siklus disebabkan oleh variasi dalam fase folikular</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (Wiknjosastro, Saifuddin dan Rachimhadhi, 1999)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada kehamilan, hidupnya korpus luteum diperpanjang oleh adanya rangsangan dari <i>Human Chorionic Gonadothropin </i>(HCG), yang dibuat oleh sinsisiotrofoblas. Rangsangan ini dimulai pada puncak perkembangan korpus luteum (8 hari pasca ovulasi), waktu yang tepat untuk mencegah terjadinya regresi luteal. HCG memelihara steroidogenesis pada korpus luteum hingga 9–10 minggu kehamilan. Kemudian, fungsi itu diambil alih oleh plasenta.4 Dari uraian di atas jelaslah bahwa kunci siklus haid tergantung dari perubahan</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">perubahan kadar estrogen, pada permulaan siklus haid meningkatnya FSH disebabkan oleh menurunnya estrogen pada fase luteal sebelumnya. Berhasilnya perkembangan folikel</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">tanpa terjadinya atresia tergantung pada cukupnya produksi estrogen oleh folikel yang berkembang. Ovulasi terjadi oleh cepatnya estrogen meningkat pada pertengahan siklus yang menyebabkan lonjakan LH. Hidupnya korpus luteum tergantung pula pada kadar minimum LH yang terus-menerus. Jadi, hubungan antara folikel dan hipotalamus</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">bergantung pada fungsi estrogen, yang menyampaikan pesan-pesan berupa umpan balik positif atau negatif. Segala keadaan yang menghambat produksi estrogen dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sendirinya akan mempengaruhi siklus reproduksi yang normal</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (Wiknjosastro, Saifuddin dan Rachimhadhi, 1999).</span><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Albar, Erdjan. 2007. <i>Ilmu Kandungan ’Kontrasepsi’. </i>Edisi kedua Cetakan Kelima. Jakarta : Yayasan Bina Pustaka Sarwono Prawirohardjo. 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